The Australian Field Crops Resistance Management Strategy has been in place now for 7 seasons. The impact of the Strategy on resistance levels is monitored in three areas; the Namoi and Gwydir river valleys of nonhem NSW (a temperate cotton monoculture), the Emerald Irrigation Area of central Queensland (a sub tropical mixed cropping area) and a sample of the unsprayed Refugia centred on Inverell in northern NSW. Resistance to both pyrethroids and endosulfan is assessed, as these two groups account for over 80% of the insecticides used against Heliothis spp. in Australian cotton. Studies with the oxidase inhibiting synergist piperonyl butoxide (Pbo) have indicated that the dominant mechanism of pyrethroid resistance in the field is via oxidative detoxification. This has led to the investigation of two possible chemical countermeasures for managing pyrethroid resistance: synergists and structurally modified pyrethroids (also called resistance breaking pyrethroids). A brief summary of each of these findings will be given followed by an outline of the future for managing pyrethroid resistance.